Should Trans Athletes Compete in Women's Sports?
Lia Thomas vs. fairness—the raging war over biological advantage, inclusion, and the very definition of womanhood tears apart locker rooms and law.
Evidence (4)
World Athletics voted to exclude transgender women who have gone through male puberty from female world ranking events, citing the need to protect the female category. The council prioritized 'fairness over inclusion,' and President Sebastian Coe stated that 'the evidence is that testosterone is the key determinant in performance.' The policy allows trans athletes to compete in a newly created 'open category' instead, and representatives noted that no transgender athlete currently competing internationally would be affected, yet the decision set a major precedent for governing bodies.
A peer-reviewed study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine measured muscle mass, strength, and lean body mass in trans women before and after 12 months of hormone therapy. Results showed that although muscle mass and strength decreased significantly, trans women still retained 10-15% more lean body mass and 20-30% greater grip strength than cisgender women. The authors concluded that 'transgender women retain physiological advantages even after 12 months of testosterone suppression,' directly supporting the argument that biological advantages persist and affect competitive fairness in female sports.
This systematic review in Sports Medicine analyzed 14 studies on the effects of hormone therapy in trans women. The review found that while testosterone suppression reduces hemoglobin, muscle mass, and strength, it does not fully reverse the effects of prior male puberty. Specifically, trans women retained advantages in bone density, lung volume, and cardiovascular capacity. The authors noted that no study has shown trans women reaching the performance levels of cisgender women after treatment, and they called for more research, but confirmed that 'performance gaps persist, especially in power-based and endurance events.'
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) rejected Lia Thomas's appeal against World Aquatics' policy that bars transgender women from women's elite events if they have completed male puberty. The ruling upheld the governing body's right to prioritize fairness and safety, and the panel cited the 'retained physiological advantages' of trans women as a legitimate basis for exclusion. Thomas's case became a global symbol, and the decision reinforced the legality of sex-based eligibility criteria in sports, with the court noting that 'the protection of the female category is a legitimate aim.'
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